Abstract:  Throughout the pandemic, maps of visual data published in the digital mediascape were used to communicate the global impact of Covid-19. While public and private entities offered “big picture” perspectives, hegemonic visualizations often neglected to address the disproportionate toll of the pandemic on the members of marginalized communities. This article presents findings from a mixed-methods investigation of 12 case studies, comparing eight grassroots counter-mapping sources against four mainstream mapping sources, created by government and academic institutions, that will be referred to here as “hegemonic.” The purpose of this study was to investigate how visuals presented online by community-focused counter-mapping collectives differed from those presented by mainstream sources, examining what these differences might indicate about the social imaginaries at play. Case studies from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the US produced a corpus of 1,556 images manually collected from online sources. An initial content analysis using NVivo generated quantitative data forming the foundation for later semiotic analysis examining each individual image while also considering the collection holistically. Informed by social semiotics, the findings highlight how counter-mapping employs bespoke illustrations and community insights to portray a more nuanced perspective of the impacts of the pandemic. In contrast, hegemonic maps rely on vector-based graphics that reflect dominant worldviews. Altering the practices of mapping, counter-mapping empowers communities, challenges systemic inequities, and reimagines how visual data shapes public knowledge.

Keywords:  counter-maps; Covid-19; critical cartography; digital literacy; media literacy; social semiotics; social imaginaries; visual culture; visualizations

Published:   Ahead of Print

Issue:   Vol 14 (2026): Counter Data Mapping as Communicative Practices of Resistance (In Progress)