Abstract:  In the context of urban centres exposed to climate change, spas represent a distinct and vulnerable cluster. Their sensitivity stems both from the health profile of spa visitors—often more susceptible to adverse weather—and from their reliance on local natural resources that justified their original therapeutic designation. These vulnerabilities are increasingly exacerbated by climate‐related risks such as sea level rise (SLR), extreme weather, and environmental degradation. This article assesses the resilience of Polish Baltic spa towns to climate threats and proposes recommendations for future adaptation policies. Addressing a gap in the literature, the study integrates spatial, environmental, legal, and socio‐economic dimensions into a local‐scale assessment of small and medium‐sized coastal spas. These towns vary in their spatial position within the settlement system, from metropolitan peripheries to isolated localities. A multi‐criteria case study approach is applied, using indicators related to development prospects, spatial identity, and exposure to flooding and SLR. Spatial simulations (1‐m and 5‐m SLR scenarios) are used to identify risks to core spa infrastructure and supporting assets. Existing climate adaptation policies are also reviewed to assess institutional readiness and inform context‐sensitive resilience strategies.

Keywords:  Baltic Sea; climate adaptation; climate change; resilience; spa centres; spa towns

Published:   22 October 2025

Issue:   Vol 10 (2025): Smart and Resilient Infrastructure in the Wake of Climate Change