Abstract:  Public attitudes towards the EU have fluctuated significantly over the past two decades, with Euroscepticism gaining ground across various national contexts. Previous research indicates that Euroscepticism is most prevalent among the working class and petty bourgeoisie. This article revisits this argument by exploring whether these class-based patterns persist across different national contexts and examining the role of cultural capital in shaping these divides. This study uses survey data from nine European countries to map occupational classes within a two-dimensional framework of cultural and economic capital, drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of social space and Oesch’s class scheme. Principal component analyses reveal that support for the EU aligns with class divisions, showing that sociocultural professionals tend to be strongly pro-EU, while production workers exhibit more Eurosceptic attitudes. Regression analyses confirm the significance of cultural capital, even within broadly Eurosceptic countries such as Serbia and Switzerland. These findings highlight the need to contextualize class-based explanations and to consider how cultural capital shapes EU attitudes across different national settings.

Keywords:  class; cultural capital; economic capital; Euroscepticism; principal component analysis; survey analysis

Published:   14 January 2026

Issue:   Vol 14 (2026): Consensus About the European Union? Understanding the Views of Citizens and Political Parties (In Progress)